Pronghorn antelope

The Pronghorn Antelope, scientific name: Antilocapra americana is the only living member of its family and is limited to the American West. Before the great slaughter of the 1800’s it’s speculated that 40-50 Million Pronghorn roamed the plains, but the slaughter was not limited to strictly Bison and by 1915 only 15,000 Pronghorn remained. Attempts to reintroduce the species to some areas of Kansas have been unsuccessful, however, presently, there are 1 million Pronghorns now living in the American West.

Pronghorn Antelope live either a solitary lifestyle or can be found living in small groups. In the winter, the solitary Pronghorn and the small groups join to create large herds. The Male Pronghorns are typically larger than the females and measure 31-40’ tall at the shoulder. Male Pronghorns, however, are not the only ones with horns. 40% of female antelope have horns as well though they never exceed the length of their ears and they are not pronged. The females will typically give birth to twins, each weighing in at five to seven pounds, at the end of the winter. The fawn’s greatest form of defense is to lie still in the grass while mother grazes on forbs, brush, shrubs and even sometimes cacti.

Black-tailed prairie dog

The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog, scientific name: Cynomys ludovicianus is a member of the squirrel family. They live in plains and grasslands in Montana, Nebraska, Wyoming, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and Texas. The Black-Tailed Prairie Dog stands an average height of 12″ (when standing up on their hind legs). Like its cousin the White-Tailed Prairie Dog, the Black-Tailed lives in small family groups called coterie that make up a much larger prairie dog community. A coterie generally consists of one male, one to four females and their young. Family members are very protective of one another and are also very close. Family units generally all contribute to the building of burrows and foraging for food. As families branch, the coterie of Prairie dogs generally live near other coterie and this makes a Prairie Dog “town”.

Black-Tailed Prairie Dogs are herbivores and eat roots, grasses, wild flowers and other grassland vegetation. The diet of a prairie dog is very vital because it is their primary source of water too. Family units and members of the “town community” all depend on one another for protection from predators while community members are foraging and use a system of vocal alerts to communicate.

Mountain Lion

The Mountain lion, scientific name; Felis conoclor is a large, long-tailed feline that was at one time quite common in all sorts of habitats where deer could be found but now, they are considered an unwanted predator and are now found primarily in remote areas.

Contrary to popular belief the Mountain lion’s preferred dens include over-hanging rock ledges, a crevice in a cliff, dry spaces in piles of rock, large, earthy burrows, cavities beneath tree roots or dense thickets.

There are very few large swaths of black gramma grasslands left in America.

The following is presented only as a working list of grasses found on Otero Mesa in southern Eddy County, New Mexico. The list is based on the work by Kelly W. Allred, A Field Guide to the Grasses of New Mexico. This third edition guide is invaluable in learning about the grasses of New Mexico and is available from the Agricultural Experiment Station, P O Box 30003, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM 88003-8003.

The species listed below are possible species on Otero Mesa. The boundaries are considered to be the forest service western boundary of the Guadalupe Mountains (to the east), the New Mexico-Texas state line to the south, US Highway 54 to the west and the southern foothills of the Sacramento Mountains to the north.

In the following list, species are listed alphabetically by scientific name. The common name follows and that is followed by two columns. In the first column the letter “N” or “I” appears and that designates whether it is a native or introduced species. For reference, the last column is the page number of Allred’s book on which the account for that species can be found.

This list will be adjusted as time passes with species omitted and species added as we learn more about this grassland.

Black Gramma Grass.

1. Achnatherum hymenoides, Indian Ricegrass N 56

2. Achnatherum robustum, Sleepygrass N 59

3. Achnatherum scribneri, Scribner’s Needlegrass N 60

4. Achnatherum lobatum, Littleawn Needlegrasss N 60

5. Achnatherum perplexum, Newq Mexico Needlegrass N 61

6. Aegilops cylindrica, Jointed Goatgrass N 61

7. Agropyron cristatum, Fairway Crested Wheatgrass I 63

8. Agropyron desertorum, Desert Crested Wehatgrass I 63

9. Agrostis stolonifera, Creeping Bentgrass N 64

10 Agrostis gigantea, Redtop I 65

11 .Agrostis exarata, Spike Bentgrass N 66

12. Agrostis scabra, Ticklegrass, Rough Bentgrass N 67

13. Alopecurus pratensis, Meadow Foxtail N 68

14. Alopecurus aequalis, Shortawn Foxtail N 69

15. Aristida adscenionis, Six-weeks Threeawn N 73

16. Aristida havarii, Haver’s Threeawn N 76

17. Aristida purpurea, Purple Threeawn N 79

18. Arundo donax, Giant Reed I 82

19. Avena fatua, Wild Oats N 84

20 Bothriochloa laguroides, Silver Bluestem N 88

21. Bothriochloa springfieldii, Springfield’s Bluestem N 89

22. Bothriochloa alta, Tall Bluestem N 89

23. Bothriochloa barbinodis, Cane Bluestem N 90

24. Bouteloua eriopoda, Black Grama N 90

25. Bouteloua warnockii, Warnock’s Grama N 91

26. Bouteloua curtipendula, Sideoats Grama N 92

27. Bouteloua aristidoides, Needle Grama N 92

28. Bouteloua simplex, Mat Grama N 92

29. Bouteloua hirsuta, Hairy Grama N 94

30. Bouteloua gracilis, Blue Grama N 94

31 Bouteloua parryi, Parry’s Grama N 95

32. Bouteloua barbata, Sixweeks Grama N 96

33. Bouteloua breviseta, Gyp Grama N 97

34. Bromus inermis, Smooth Brome I 99

35. Bromus catharticus, Rescuegrass I 100

36. Bromus carrinatus, California or Mountain Brome N 101

37. Bromus lanatipes, Shaggy Brome N 102

38. Bromus ciliatus, Fringed Brome N 104

39. Bromus japonicus, Japanese or Meadow Brome I 106

40. Bromus diandrus, Ripgut Brome N 107

41 Bromus tectorum, Cheatgrass or Downy Brome N 109

42. Cenchrus spinifex, Common Sandbur N 117

43. Chloris verticillata, Tumble Windmillgrass N 118

44. Chloris virgata, Showy Windmillgrass N 119

45. Cynodon dactylon, Bermudagrass I 121

46. Dasyochloa pulchella, Fluffgrass N 125

47. Deschampsiacespitosa, Tufted Hairgrass N 126

48. Digitaria pubiflora, Fall Witchgrass N 129

49. Echinochlora crus-galli, Large Barnyard Grass N 134

50. Echinochlora muricata, Cockspur N 135

51. Elymus scribneri, Scribner’s Wheatgrass N 137

52. Elymus hispidus, Intermediate Wheatgrass N 138

53. Elymus elongates, Tall Wheatgrass N 138

54. Elymus xpseudorepens, False Quackgrass N 139

55. Elymus smithii, Western Wheatgrass N 142

56. Elymus repens, Quackgrass or Twitchgrass N 144

57. Elymus arizonicus, Arizona Wheatgrass N 146

58. Elymus canadensis, Canada Wildrye N 150

59. Enneapogon desvauxii, Spike Pappusgrass N 151

60. Eragrostis cilianensis, Stinkgrass ? 153

61 Eragrostis mexicana, Mexican Lovegrass N 155

62. Eragrostis lutescens, Six-weeks Lovegrass N 155

63. Eragrostis pectinacea, Carolina Lovegrass N 156

64. Eragrostis superba, Wilman Lovegrass ? 159

65. Eragrostis lehmanniana, Lehmann’s Lovegrass I 161

66. Eragrostis curvula, Weeping Lovegrass N 162

67. Eragrostis intermedia, Plains Lovegrass N 163

68. Eragrostis erosa, Chihuahua Lovegrass N 165

69. Eriochloa acuminata, Texas Cupgrass N 167

70. Erioneuron pilosum, Hairy Tridens N 170

71. Erioneuron avenaceum, Large-flowered Tridens N 170

72. Hesperostipa neomexicana, New Mexico Feathergrass N 184

73. Koeleria macrantha, Junegrass N 194

74. Leptochloa dubia, Green Sprangletop N 196

75. Lycurus setosus, Bristly Wolftail N 201

76. Muhlenbergia depauperata, Six-weeks Muhly N 207

77. Muhlenbergia tenuifolia, Mesa Muhly N 209

78. Muhlenbergia minutissima, Least Muhly N 212

79. Muhlenbergia porteri, Bush Muhly N 215

80. Muhlenbergia pungens, Sandhill Muhly N 217

81 Muhlenbergia arenacea, Ear Muhly N 220

82. Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Scratchgrass N 220

83. Muhlenbergia racemosa, Green Muhly N 220

84. Muhlenbergia villiflora, Hairy Muhly N 222

85. Muhlenbergia repens, Creeping Muhly N 224

86. Muhlenbergia emersleyi, Bullgrass N 224

87. Muhlenbergia wrightii, Spike Muhly N 224

88. Muhlengergia torreyi, Ring Muhly N 229

89. Muhlenbergia arenicola, Sand Muhly N 229

90. Muhlenbergia pauciflora, New Mexico Muhly N 232

91. Muhlenbergia setifolia, Curlyleaf Muhly N 233

92. Munroa squarrosa, False-Buffalograss N 234

93. Nassella tenuissima, Mexican Feathergrass N 235

94. Panicum capillare, Common Witchgrass N 239

95. Panicum obtusum, Vine Mesquite N 243

96. Panicum hallii, Hall’s Panicum N 245

97. Panicum bulbosum, Bulb Panicum N 247

98. Pappophorum vaginatum, Whiplash Pappusgrass N 248

99. Phleum pretense, Timothy I 257

100. Pleuraphis mutica, Tobosa N 264

101 Pleuraphis jamesii, Galleta N 264

102. Poa biglovii, Bigelow’s Bluegrass N 266

103. Schedonnardus paniculatus, Tumblegrass N 287

104. Schizachyrium neomexicanum, New Mexico Bluestem N 290

105. Schizachyrium scoparium, Little Bluestem N 291

106. Scleropogon brevifolius, Burrograss N 292

107. Setaria pumila, Yellow Bristlegrass N 296

108. Setaria viridis, Green Bristlegrass N 298

109. Setaria leucopila, Plains Bristlegrass N 298

110. Sorghastrum nutans, Indiangrass N 298

111. Sorghum halepense, Johnsongrass N 300

112. Sporobolus giganteus, Giant Dropseed N 307

113. Sporobolus contractus, Spike Dropseed N 307

114. Sporobolus nealleyi, Gypgrass N 307

115. Sporobolus flexuosus, Mesa Dropseed N 307

116. Sporobolus cryptandrus, Sand Dropseed N 309

117. Sporobolus airoides, Alkali Sacaton N 309

118. Sporobolus wrightii, Giant Sacaton N 310

119. Trichloris crinita, False Rhodesgrass N 314

120. Tridens albescens, White Tridens N 317

121. Trisetum interruptum, Prairie Trisetum N 321

122. Vulpia octoflora, Sixweeks Fescue N 328

123. Vulpia bromoides, Brome Sixweeks Fescue N 328

Long-billed curlew

The striking Long-billed Curlew is another species of concern associated with declining grasslands. It is one of only 9 species that are considered to be endemic to the grasslands of the Great Plains. While the species does not nest on Otero Mesa, it certainly uses the area in migration and during the winter.

There is hardly a more unusual looking bird in North American than the Long-billed Curlew. The long, decurved bill, which is used for probing for invertebrates, makes up over a quarter of the length of the bird. The species nests in eastern New Mexico and with the species breeding range shrinking over the last century, it is not unreasonable that the species once nested on Otero Mesa. Currently it is known only as a passage and wintering bird.

While preferring open grassland as a nesting site, in winter the birds will use coastal areas and interior grasslands. The interior winter range of the species is much more extensive and it is within those areas that they gravitate toward grasslands. On Otero Mesa they can be found anywhere but are often found feeding in areas adjacent to and on towns of Blacktail Prairie Dogs. This may be due to the presence of soils, which are easier to probe when searching for invertebrates.

The current single-biggest threat to this species is habitat alteration and degradation. Much of their nesting range has been altered for farmland while much of their wintering range is grazing land. Much of this grazing land is in poor shape, especially in drought years. The current population is estimated at around 20,000 individuals and is continuing to decline. There is no estimate at historic numbers but it is thought to have been in the range of 500,000 plus.

Otero Mesa continues to be a very important area for all grassland endemic birds including this one and degradation of this habitat could be devastating to a whole host of birds with already depressed numbers.

Coyote

The Coyote, scientific name: Canis lantrans is a medium sized member of the canine family. Coyotes live throughout the United States in most climates and areas. Coyotes found in valleys and deserts are typically smaller than mountain dwelling coyotes. Mountain dwelling coyotes weigh around 50 lbs whereas desert/valley dwelling coyotes weigh around 20 lbs.

Coyotes are vocal creatures and keep in touch using yelps, yips and howls. Coyotes are also equipped with heightened senses of hearing and smell. Since they are occasionally scavengers, smell plays an important roll in their livelihood. Coyotes do not delight in carrion alone but also eat small mammals, reptiles, insects and fruit.

Coyotes are so incredibly adaptable that they are able to change their breeding cycle as well as habitat. Coyotes typically have 2-12 pups when they breed, however, only 5-20% of these pups will survive their first year.

Interesting fact about the Coyote: The Coyote is a digitigrade meaning that they walk only on their toes.

Golden eagle

Golden Eagle, scientific name: Aquila chrysaetos is a large solitary, predatory bird both admired and hunted because of their beautiful plumage. Their average length measures 32 inches and average wingspan is 78 inches. Golden Eagle feathers are a favorite item on the black market and the largest threat to the eagle is hunting and poaching. The Golden eagle is also hunted, trapped and poisoned by farmers and ranchers because they can sometimes pose a threat to livestock.

Golden eagles rarely migrate and if they do it is simply because a shortage of food. Their migration is typically short lived due to the fact that they are excellent hunters.

When Golden eagles mate, they typically mate for life. Once a year the mating pair will produce a clutch of 1-3 eggs and nest on cliff faces or in rocky crags. The male does not assist the female with incubation though he does bring her food and later assists in the parenting duties.

Great horned owl

The Great Horned Owl, scientific name: Bubo virginianus, also known as the “winged tiger” measures 18-25 inches in length and has an average wingspan of 48 inches. The Great Horned Owl is a highly adaptable species and can be found in various climates throughout all of North America and some parts of South America as well. The owl is a non-migratory bird and travels based solely on the breeding season and the availability of prey.

Great Horned Owls are largely nocturnal and begin hunting for small rodents, reptiles, amphibians, insects and even other birds at dusk. They are silent killers and can lift prey 2-3 times their own size. Smaller animals like rodents and lizards can be swallowed whole.

Nesting season for the Great Horned Owl is January and February. The Great Horned owl pair do not build their own nests but instead utilize the nests of other birds and sometimes even squirrels. In these nests, the female owl will lay 3-4 eggs. The female takes full responsibility for incubating the eggs. Even though Great Horned Owls are solitary in nature, breeding pairs will often “haunt” their breeding ground for almost one year after their young leave the nest before they separate.

 (GRASSHOPPERS, KATYDIDS, CRICKETS, MANTIDS, WALKINGSTICKS, AND COCKROACHES)

OF OTERO MESA, OTERO COUNTY, NEW MEXICO

With it’s extensive grasslands and other habitats, Otero Mesa has a wide variety of members of the Order Orthoptera (grasshoppers, katydids, crickets, mantids, walkingsticks, and cockroaches). The following list is a compilation of two currently available books which list grasshoppers, katydids, and crickets by Capinera, Scott, and Walker (2004) and grasshoppers by Richman, Lightfoot, Sutherland, and Ferguson (1993) likely to be found on Otero Mesa. The former book has range maps while the latter shows specific collection localities. Because of the lack of field work on this group on Otero Mesa, there are few specimen records from the area and those few are noted in the Richman work.

Taxonomy follows Capinera, Scott and Walker (2004).

FAMILY ACRIDIDAE: True Grasshoppers and Locusts Capinera Richman

Subfamily Gomphocerinae: Stridulating Slantfaced Greasshoppers

1. Green Fool Grasshopper (Acrolophitus hirtipes) X

2. Club-horned Grasshopper (Aerolophitus clavatus) X

3. White-whiskered Grasshopper (Aerolophitus decorum) X

4. Brown Winter Grasshopper (Amblytropidia mysteca) X

5. Striped Slant-faced Grasshopper (Amphitornus coloradus) X

6. Big-headed Grasshopper (Aulocara elliotti) X

7. White-crossed Grasshopper (Aulocara femoratum) X

8. Ebony Grasshopper (Boopedon nubilum) X

9. Creosote Bush Grasshopper (Bootettix argentatus) X X

10. Thomas’s Broad-winged Grasshopper (Chloealtis abdominalis) X

11. Crenulated Grasshopper (Cordillacris crennulata) X

12. Western Spotted-wing Grasshopper (Cordillacris occipitalis) X X

13. Velvet-striped Grasshopper (Eritettix simplex) X

14. Rufous Grasshopper (Heliaula rufa) X

15. Two-striped Mermiria Grasshopper (Mermiria bivittata) X

16. Lively Merimiria Grasshopper (Mermiria picta) X

17. Obscure Grasshopper (Opeia obscura) X

18. Spotted-wing Grasshopper (Orphulella pelidna) X

19. Wyoming Toothpick Grasshopper (Paropomala wyomingensis) X

20. Mantled Toothpick Grasshopper (Paropomala pallida) X

21. New Mexico Toothpick Grasshopper (Paropomala virgata) X

22. Four-spotted Grasshopper (Philbostroma quadrimaculatum) X

23.Brown-spotted Range Grasshopper (Psoloessa delicatula) X

24. Texas Spotted Range Grasshopper (Psoloessa texana) X

25. Handsome Grasshopper (Syrbula admirabilis) X

26. Montezuma’s Grasshopper (Syrbula montezuma) X

Subfamily Oedipodinae: Band-winged Grasshoppers

27. Speckle-winged Rangeland Grasshopper (Arphia conspersa) X

28. Northwestern Red-winged Grasshopper (Arphia pseudonietana) X

29. Northern Three-striped Grasshopper (Cortophaga viridifasciata) X

30. Texas Cristate Grasshopper (Conozoa texana) X

31. Hayden’s Grasshopper (Derotmema haydeni) X

32. Carolina Grasshopper (Dissosteira carolina) X

33. High Plains Grasshopper (Dissosteira longipennis) X

34. Dusky Grasshopper (Encoptolophus costalis) X

35. Southwestern Dusky Grasshopper (Encoptolophus subgracilis) X

36. Magnificent Grasshopper (Hadrotettix magnificus) X

37. Three-banded Range Grasshopper (Hadrotettix trifasciatus) X

38. Arroyo Grasshopper (Heliastus benjamini) X

39. Wrinkled Grasshopper (Hippiscus ocelote) X

40. Apache Grasshopper (Hippopedon capito) X

41. Saussure’s Blue-winged Grasshopper (Leprus intermedius) X

42. Wheeler’s Blue-winged Grasshopper (Leprus wheeleri) X

43. Platt Range Grasshopper (Mestobregma plattei) X

44. Dirt-colored Grasshopper (Mestobregma terricolor) X

45. Say’s Grasshopper (Spharagemon equale) X

46. Campestral Grasshopper (Spharagemon campestris) X

47. Finned Grasshopper (Trachyrhachys aspera) X

48. Kiowa Rangeland Grasshopper (Trachyrhachys kiowa) X

49. California Band-winged Grasshopper (Trimerotropis californica) X

50. Blue-winged Grasshopper (Trimerotropis cyaneipennis) X

51. Broad-banded Grasshopper (Trimerotropis latisfasciata) X

52. Black-winged Grasshopper (Trimerotropis melanoptera) X

53. Pallid-winged Grasshopper (Trimerotropis pallidipennis) X

54. Great Crested Grasshopper (Trimerotropis formosus) X

Subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae: Spur-throated Grasshopper

55. Red-shanked Grasshopper (Xanthippus corallipes) X

56. Russian-thistle Grasshopper (Aeoloplides turnbulli) X

57. Narrow-winged Bush Grasshopper (Aeoloplidus tenuipennis) X

58. Fuzzy Olive-green Grasshopper (Campylacantha olivacea) X

59. Pictured Grasshopper (Dacylotum bicolor) X

60. Meadow Purple-striped Grasshopper (Hesperotettix viridis) X

61. Cattail Toothpick Grasshopper (Leptysma marginicollis) X

62. Arizona Spur-throated Grasshopper (Melanoplus arizonae) X

63. Two-striped Grasshopper (Melanoplus bivittatus) X

64. Sagebrush Grasshopper (Melanoplus bowditchi) X

65. Yellowish Spur-throated Grasshopper (Melanoplus flavidus) X

66. Differential Grasshopper (Melanoplus differentialis) X

67. Red-legged Grasshopper (Melanoplus femurrubrum) X

68. Gladston’s Spur-throated Grasshopper (Melanoplus gladstoni) X

69. Arrow-weed Spur-throated Grasshopper (Melanoplus herbaceous) X

70. Lakin’s Grasshopper (Melanoplus lakinus) X

71. Flabellate Grasshopper (Melanoplus occidentalis) X

72. Packard’s Grasshopper (Melanoplus packardii) X

73. Ponderous Spur-throated Grasshopper (Melanoplus ponderous) X

74. Regal Spur-throated Grasshopper (Melanoplus regalis) X

75. Migratory Grasshopper (Melanoplus sanguinipes) X

76. Large-headed Grasshopper (Phoetaliotes nebrascensis) X

77. Spotted Bird Grasshopper (Schistocerca lineata) X

78. Gray Bird Grasshopper (Schistocerca nitens) X

79. Obscure Bird Grasshopper (Schistocerca obscura) X

Subfamily Romaleine: Lubber Grasshoppers

80. Plains Lubber Grasshopper (Brachystola magna) X

81. Robust Toad Lubber Grasshopper (Phrynotettix robustus) X

82. Horse Lubber Grasshopper (Taeniopoda eques) X

FAMILY EUMASTACIDAE: Monkey Grasshoppers

this family is not covered by Capinera, Scott and Walker (2004) but this family occurs on the mesa.

FAMILY PNEUMOROIDAE: Desert Long-horned Grasshoppers

this family is not covered by Capinera, Scott and Walker (2004) but this family occurs on the mesa.

FAMILY TETRIGIDAE: Pygmy Grasshoppers

1. Mexican Pygmy Grasshopper (Paratettix mexicanus) X

2. Black-sided Pygmy Grasshopper (Tettigidea lateralis) X

FAMILY TRIDACTYLIDAE: Pygmy Mole Crickets

1. Smaller Sand Cricket (Ellipes minutus) X

2. Larger Sand Cricket (Neotridactylus apicialis) X

FAMILY TETTIGONIIDAE: Katydids

Subfamily Phaneropterinae: False Katydids

1. Greater Angle-Wing (Microcentrum rhombifolium) X

2. Texas False Katydid (Amblycorpha huasteca) X

3. Fork-tailed Bush Katydid (Scudderia cuneata) X

4. Elegant Bush Katydid (Insara elegans) X

5. Common Short-winged Katydid (Dicopetala brevihastata) X

Subfamily Copiphorinae: Coneheaded Katydids

1. Broad-tipped Conehead (Neconocephalus triops) X

2. Robust Conehead (Neconocephalus robustus) X

3. Slender Meadow Katydid (Conocephalus fasciatus) X

4. Straight-laced Meadow Katydid (Conocephalus strictus) X

Subfamily Tettigoniinae: Predaceous Katydids

1. Greater Air Land Katydid (Neobarrettia spinosa) X

FAMILY GRYLLIDAE: Crickets

Subfamily Gryllinae: Field Crickets

1. Fall Field Cricket (Gryllus pennsylvanicus) X

Subfamily Oecanthinae: Tree Crickets

1. Snowy Tree Cricket (Oecanthus fultoni) X

2. Western Tree Cricket (Oecanthus californicus) X

3. Four-spotted Tree Cricket (Oecanthus quadripunctatus) X

4. Prairie Tree Cricket (Oecanthus argentinus) X

Subfamily Myrmecophilinae: Ant Crickets

1. Nebraska Ant Cricket (Myrmeocephilus nebrascensis) X

FAMILY RHAPHIDOPHOREIDAE: Camel Crickets

1. Dark Jerusalem Cricket (Stenopelmatus fuscus) X

LITERATURE CITED

Capinera, J. L., R. D. Scott, and T. J. Walker. 2004. Field Guide to Grasshoppers, Katydids,

and Crickets of the United States. Cornell Publishing Associates. Ithaca and London.

Richman, D. B., D. C. Lightfoot, C. A. Sutherland, and D. J. Ferguson. 1993. A Manual of

the Grasshoppers of New Mexico Orthoptera: Acrididae and Romaleidae.

Cooperative Extension Service. New Mexico State University. Las Cruces, NM